Effects Of Income Inequality - 1038 Words

Equality is one of the biggest concerns in most societies. Independent of philosophy, culture, or religion, the society always care about this growing issue. Inequalities are shown in diverse ways by people’s position in the distribution of wealth or income but could also be related to other characteristics like having a disability, different ethnicity or background or gender. In the 2005 World Development Report elaborated by the World Bank, it is stated: â€Å"We now have considerable evidence that equity is also instrumental to the pursuit of long-term prosperity in aggregate terms for society as a whole† (World Bank,2005). However, the increasing growth inequality experienced in many developed and developing countries in recent times is†¦show more content†¦(Castillo-Merino, Sjoberg 2008). The impact in inequality is argued to occur in both ways, through the increasing demand for skilled workers and by the elimination of lower and middle skill jobs which le ads to an increasing competition for these lower-wage jobs. (Kochan, Riordan 2015) Another reason given for explaining inequality is Globalization. It is argued that the increase in trade and offshoring has contributed to income inequality. Countries such as India, China and Brazil are known to have very cheap labour costs and have become more competitive in the global market. As a result, when imports from these countries arrive, the products manufactured in the host country cannot compete with the prices, leading to job losses in these industries. Some studies have showed that since the 80’s, USA lost over one-third of its manufacturing jobs, additionally, workers that were displaced from manufacturing jobs but regain employment suffered a reduction in their wages of at least 20% Offshoring has also make an impact in jobs and wages, US firms during 2002-2008 had an increase in offshoring practices due to lower cost and â€Å"this resulted in an advantage by higher-skilled workers who undertake more abstract and communication dependent tasks in their jobsà ¢â‚¬ (Kochan, Riordan 2015). Another growing issue in certain countries is immigrants, and especially those that arrive illegally. They are moreShow MoreRelatedIncome Inequality And Their Effects2608 Words   |  11 PagesIncome Inequality and Their Effects Income inequality is talked about frequently in modern society. Most places around the world are feeling the weight and effects of income inequality. According to businessdictionary.com, the definition of income inequality is, â€Å"A measurement of the distribution of income that highlights the gap between individuals or households making most of the income in a given country and those making very little (â€Å"What is Income Inequality†).† This definition holds trueRead MoreIncome Inequality And Its Effect On The Environment2513 Words   |  11 Pages INCOME INEQUALITY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT- III Student’s Name Course Dated â€Æ' INCOME INEQUALITY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION Income inequality and its effect on environment have been highlighted by a number of authors. The previous paper in this regard highlighted general and government specific aspects of the two determinants of environment, environment degradation and health. The aim of this paper is to highlight the environmental emergency that emerges due incomeRead MoreThe Effect of Income Inequality on Economic Growth1341 Words   |  5 Pagesthe population barely owns $1.7 trillion (some 0.7% of the worlds wealth), about the same as the worlds 85 richest people. (http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats) So, if somebody wonders why did I choose the subject of inequality the previous lines are exactly the reason. The hypothesis I will try to prove further in my paper is that the striking gap between rich and poor population in the world cannot lead to economic growth. Furthermore, Human Capital is considered toRead MoreThe Effects Of Income Inequality For Educated Women1691 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Income Inequality for Educated Women Income is a necessity that millions of men and women rely on. While advances in technology continue to develop, the need for educated workers is expected to increase as well. Because of this, the belief that a college education will ensure a well-paying job and a life of success is still a motivating factor for many students. But what if perusing a degree in order to obtain these positions meant that you still earn less than your male counterpartRead MoreLabor Unions And Its Effect On Income Inequality912 Words   |  4 PagesLABOR UNIONS With many laws enacted to tarnish their effectiveness in the appearance of a better functioning economy, labor unions appear to have an unmistakable effect on income inequality. Western and Rosenfeld explain the power of the labor union and how important of a role it holds for its workers. Western and Rosenfeld analyzes the contributions that unions made and the consequences of their decline coupled with the rise in unfair wage distribution. Kristal supports that the lack of bargainingRead MoreEmployment Equity And Its Effect On Income Inequality2490 Words   |  10 Pagesthe numerical objective of Employment Equity Policy to increase the representation and dissemination of the four mentioned groups (Barker 2008). The thesis of this paper is to prove that employment equity is fair and necessary to diminish income inequality. To do so, the paper first reviews the available literatures and schools of thought. Then, the paper focuses more on addressing the thesis and providing evidences to support the argument. The paper ends with a short conclusion. The paper utilizedRead MoreEssay on Income Inequality and the Effect on Gender Diversity1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe same time, it would seem fair that women and men would earn the same amount. However, this is not the case. Women, working alongside with men, are paid less than the men. This income inequality can cause women to work in other companies. As a result, gender diversity is reduced. To promote gender diversity, Income should be equal regardless of gender. Because women have been employed in the workforce for many years, they should be treated as equals to men. During the initial stage of employingRead MoreIncome Inequality: It’s Effect on African-American Single Mothers and Their Children1629 Words   |  7 PagesIncome Inequality: It’s Effect on African-American Single Mothers and Their Children. I believe that it’s not fair for single mothers to get paid less, when some of them are the back bones of this country. Currently the minimum wage, in the United States, is set to 8$ per hour. Women in general are only paid 77%, so it is appropriate to assume that through mathematics, women get a wage as high as $6.16. African-American women only get paid 64% of every dollar a man makes. If the minimum wage isRead MoreEducation And Income Inequality : New Evidence From Cross Country Data Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesLee published â€Å"Education and Income Inequality: New Evidence from Cross-Country Data† in the early 2000s (Gregorio Lee, 2002). This paper looks at empirical evidence on how educational factors, like higher educational attainment and equal distribution of education, play a significant role in income distribution. The authors Gregorio and Lee state that many other literature pieces emphasize education as one of the major factors affecting the degree o f income inequality (Gregorio Lee, 2002). GregorioRead MoreThe Effects of Wealth Inequality in the U.S.1484 Words   |  6 PagesGiovenco Political Science Inequality Paper 12-18-14 The Effects of Wealth Inequality in the United States Wealth inequality in the United States has grown tremendously since 1970. The United States continuously reveals higher rates of inequality as a result of perpetual support for free market capitalism. The high rates of wealth inequality cause the growing financial crisis to persist, lower socio-economic mobility, increase national poverty, and have adverse effects on health and well being

Why Do You Want For Attending John Wesley Honors College

Why do you want to participate in the John Wesley Honors College? The John Wesley Honors College is for driven students who wish to enrich their education in a Christ-centered community. The experience of the Honors College will challenge and empower me to develop into a well informed, deep-thinking, and resourceful servant leader. I have always had a passion for learning. As some kids dread school and learning, I have always been excited and intrigued by it. Learning answers and reasons why to questions has always interested me into discovering truth and ultimately lead to my successful academic career in high school. God has gifted me with this passion for learning and I wish to glorify God in my studies and onto my career later in life. This honors education is nationally renowned and Christ-centered. Giving the glory to God has been a challenge for me during my high school career because I go to a public school. I want to be able to give God all of the Glory in this Christ-centered program where not only my education can flourish, but also my faith will grow stronger. Thinking divergently has been something that many of my teachers have pushed me to do in high school and the opportunity to be a part of this honors college with discussion-style courses that will challenge me to think creatively will continue the learning style that I have been taught and am familiar with. In the Honors College, I will get the chance to work collaboratively with faculty on researchShow MoreRelatedInsight to Coach Carter Film7710 Words   |  31 Pagesstretches beyond gangs, drugs, prison, and yes†¦even basketball. Paramount Pictures presents an MTV Films Tollin/Robbins production of a Thomas Carter Film, â€Å"Coach Carter,† starring Samuel L. Jackson. Directed by Thomas Carter, written by Mark Schwahn and John Gatins, the film is inspired by the life of Ken Carter. Produced by Brian Robbins, Mike Tollin and David Gale, and executive-produced by Van Toffler, Thomas Carter, Sharla Sumpter and Caitlin Scanlon, the film also star s Robert Ri’chard, Rob BrownRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesmechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, theRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . What Is Management? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Who Are Managers?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Do Managers Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managerial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M anagerial Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Resources Do Managers Use? . . . . . . . . . What Skills Are Needed by Today’s Managers? . 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He previously taught at the University of Florida and at Oberlin College and has had visiting appointments at Stanford, Harvard, the University of Washington, and New York University. From 1998 to 2006, Jay served as Chair of the Statistics Department at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. The StatisticsRead MoreCommon Knowledge : How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know56617 Words   |  227 Pagesnetworks--Economic aspects, Success in business. Page iii Common Knowledge How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know Nancy M. Dixon Harvard Business School Press Boston, Massachusetts Page iv Copyright 2000 President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 04 03 02 01 00 5 4 32 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dixon, Nancy M., 1937Common knowledge: how companies thrive by sharing what they know / Nancy M. Dixon. p. cm. 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Regardvii viii F OR EW OR D less of how much they liked the program, did they actually acquire the skills the program intended to teach them? But that’s still not enough. While users mayRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesVollmann Manufacturing Planning Control for Supply Chain Management, Sixth Edition Jacobs and Chase, Operations and Supply Management: The Core, Second Edition Jacobs and Chase Operations and Supply Management, Thirteenth Edition Jacobs and Whybark, Why ERP? First Edition Larson and Gray, Project Management: The Managerial Process, Fifth Edition Leenders, Johnson, Flynn, and Fearon, Purchasing and Supply Management, Thirteenth Edition Nahmias, Production and Operations Analysis, Sixth Edition Olson

Query optimization Free Essays

The solution will bring down the use of specialized hardware thus helping reduce cost and making implementation faster and easier. We shall use a pattern matching algorithm to compare the drivers’ driving style to predefined patterns depicting rash driving. These patterns will be based on a number of various parameters such as speed of the vehicle, radius of turns etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Query optimization or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the patterns are matched then an alert will be generated in the form of a message, alarm or call. Keywords – Mobile Phones, Sensors, Driving Pattern, Android l. INTRODUCTION It goes without saying; a majority of accidents which occur are due to rash driving. Crashes caused by lack of alertness in vehicle drivers pose a serious danger to people. This is hazardous not only to drivers themselves but also often to the general public. According to the report of U. S. National Highway Traffic Safety Shish Chuddar et. Al. Administration (NATHAN), more than a million people have died in traffic crashes in the United States since 1966. Also the main reason for the occurrence of these disasters was reckless driving. Till date, the detection of rash driving has been based on visual observations by patrol officers. But detection through visual observations does not possess satisfactory results. So it is essential to develop systems that actively keep track of driver’s operating situations and generate alert on any insecure conditions to prevent accident. It is preferable that the actively monitoring system is real-time monitoring system with quick response, reliable with accurate performance, intrusive and has low cost. Mobile phone being a self-sufficient device, presents a mature hardware and software environment for the development of active rash driving monitoring system. The system based on mobile phone can function effectively on its own because mobile phones are highly portable; all necessary components are already integrated therein, and their communication services have vast coverage. The minimum requirement for such a mobile phone platform is the presence of simple sensors, e. G. , accelerometer and orientation sensor. Now- 2131 wry. I]cams. Org a-days, many phones, especially smart phones, meet this requirement In this paper, we emphasize on using mobile phones as the platform for rash driving detection system development, as they provide the combination for detection and communication functions. We shall build a yester that compares the driving style of the driver to predefined patterns depicting rash driving. These patterns will be based on a number of parameters like speed of vehicle, lane position maintenance and radius of turn. Driving patterns will be matched at real time. If the pattern matches the pre-stored pattern obtained in rash driving cases, immediately an alert would be generated and a message would be send to a concerned person. The performance of our system is evaluated by conducting real driving tests. During these tests, we drive regularly or imitate the rash driving related behaviors. We also vary the position and orientation of mobile phones in the vehicle for the purpose of validation. The results show that our detection system achieves good performance in terms of false negative and false positive. In particular, this paper is organized as follows: Section II represents the methodology involved in Rash Driving Detection which includes Mobile Orientation, Pattern Generation and Matching and Alert Generation. Section Ill represents the Mathematical Model that describes the input, output functionalities along with the success and failure cases. Section IV represents the System Design here we have mentioned about the nature of algorithm to be used for pattern matching. Section V represents the Energy Efficiency of the system. Section VI contains the implementation details of our system. Section VII concludes this paper. RASH DRIVING DETECTION A. Mobile Orientation The acceleration readings are provided by accelerometers in directions of x, y, and z axis, correspondingly represented by Ax; Ay and Az. Acceleration readings in direction of x-, y-, and z-axis are with regard to the body of the mobile phone. A mobile phone’s orientation can be determined by orientation angles, I. E. Pitch and roll values. Pitch and roll represent the rotation around y-axis and z-axis. In the simplest case, we assume that the mobile phone is laid flat in the vehicle, with the top of phone toward the head of vehicle, so that the accelerations on x-axis and y-axis represent the lateral and longitudinal accelerations of vehicle, respectively. However, the real situations are more complex. The mobile phone may be laid in the vehicle arbitrarily, neither flat nor heading toward the head of the vehicle. Therefore, we set a calibration procedure to help the system determine what direction is longitudinal. 2132 B. Pattern Generation and Matching The calibration procedure begins to work when the system detects the vehicle starts to move. Its starting movement gives the mobile phone a continuously initial longitudinal acceleration, either forward (to get off directly) or backward (to back off the vehicle first). We denote this acceleration as vector AAA. It is much different from that in human movement. Next, we denote the angle between vector Ax and AAA as the angle between vector Ayah and AAA. These two angles are calculated as: driver’s side and a message is sent to a person whose contact details are taken into he system initially at the time of installation of the application. The message would contain a link providing the latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates of the current position of the driver. The exact location is determined through GAPS. Thus, if the message is successfully delivered, an alert notification would be generated at the driver site and the driver will be rescued with the immediate effect. MATHEMATICAL MODEL S= {Ax, Ay, AZ, eye , ex, If,C, Altar, Alone, An, Ink, save, sham, Dry, AAA, LLC , SEC, UP,IF, FAA, Deed, Then the lateral and longitudinal components of acceleration are calculated using the formula: We have stored the test cases of rash driving data in a file. At run time, we will be matching the above obtained values with the pre-stored data using an efficient pattern matching algorithm. Let S be the system that describes â€Å"Mobile based monitoring of driving patterns. † Let A is the set of x, y and z components of acceleration. Let O is the set of pitch and roll values obtained from orientation sensor. Inputs: {Ax, Ay,Az 0= { eye , Oz} Let C is the set of lateral and longitudinal components of acceleration. Output: C = {Altar, Alone } Function: Sec: (A, 0) -+ C Where F is a non-injective function C. Alert Generation Once the pattern is successfully matched, an alarm is generated at the 2133 Let V is the set representing the average speed reached during driving and the maximum speed of the vehicle. How to cite Query optimization, Papers

An Analysis of the Global Significance of the 2012 London Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony free essay sample

Introduction Sport is seen as the most desirable element of television viewing. It has played a significant role in the growth of television, especially during its emergence as a global technological innovation in the 1960s (Whannel, 2009:201). It can be agreed that television has transformed sport, in a way that it is rare to have one week without an international televised sporting event (Glenn, forthcoming). The live broadcasts of sporting events have the power to engage viewers with an embedded suspense of ‘who will win? It has been internationalized and become globalised in a way that fans in South Africa can follow the fortunes of Tour de France or the German Formula One Racing (Glenn, forthcoming). This essay will analyse how the live broadcast of the 2012 London Olympics Opening Ceremony constitutes as a media event and the global significance that it devotes to the host country. Definitions and Types To understand the concept of what constitutes as a media event, we us e the description given by Dayan and Katz (1992). According to these two authors, media events are monopolistic interruptions of routine. They intervene in the scheduled flow of broadcasting (1992:5) and stimulate viewers to turn to the event. These media events can be subdivided into three scripts as defined by Dayan and Katz (1992). However, this analysis of the 2012 LSOOC only constitutes for two of the ‘scripts’, more specifically ‘Coronations’ and ‘Contests’. Dayan and Katz (1992) define ‘Contests’ as â€Å"rule-governed battles† where individuals or teams compete for victory. These ‘battles’ include major sporting events such as the Olympic Games or presidential elections. They are recurrent rituals that are held every given season. Similar to ‘Contests’, ‘Coronations’ are also rituals. They proceed according to strict rules. However, these rules are governed by tradition as oppose to authority. ‘Coronations’ are ceremonial the â€Å"rites of passage† (1992:31) such as festivities and royal traditions. ‘Coronations’ accelerate the viewer’s anticipation of whether the event will succeed or be undermined as the result of a minor miscalculation. The opening ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games classifies as a Coronation in itself; as it glorifies the chosen country as a host and invites audiences to promote unity and celebrate tradition. Concurrently, mixed elements of Contests among the opening ceremonies of past Olympic Games and other mega sporting events are notable. Major-sporting events as a Media Events The Olympic Games are pre-planned in a way that it dominates the pages of major newspapers. This sporting event is promoted in a manner that it urges women to provide the necessary ‘viewing-orientated snack food for their menfolk’ (Whannel 2009:206). Media events that involve sport often become the occasion for carnivalesque behaviour, this includes: face painting, singing, parting and the wearing of eccentric costumes and headgear. At the 2012 London Olympic Games, South African supporters wore green and gold to represent the country along with festively adorned safety helmets and blew through long plastic horns to create uproar. However, It was noticed that when the host country’s team was no longer involved in the event as in the 2010 Fifa World Cup, although South Africa failed to qualify for the finals, the South African flag was still seen flying. This is a way in which support went to the African teams left in the tournament. This is a way in which support goes to teams perceived to be representative (Glenn, forthcoming). This sort of behaviour is motivated in and around public venues that provide large television screens for viewing pleasure. The manipulation of time and space has led to the accessibility of television in bars and restaurants which led to the construction of a world enabled public sphere. Consequently, the event itself becomes a dispersed occasion taking place not only at the sports arena, but also within homes and other public places. The Olympics Games The Olympic Games is a major internationalized media event, it highlights both summer and winter sports in which athletes from around the world can participate in. The Olympic Games are considered to be the worlds’ most notable contest with more than 200 nations competing. The Summer Olympic Games are held quadrennialy, meaning that the event occurs every four years. Media events are live television broadcasts. The rise of television has allowed for audiences to act as a witness to the spectacle. While sporting tournaments offer commentary to shape the spectators perceptions, ‘Contests’ and ‘Coronations’ invite the audience at home and at the live event to act as partisans and judges. The audience is then obligated to assess the team’s performance not only in the games, but also the display of the opening ceremony, in which the national identity of the country is unveiled. The Olympic Charter is a set of rules and guidelines for the Olympic Games, used to govern the Olympic movement. It promotes the fundamental principles of Olympism. According to the Olympic Charter (2011), Olympism describes the term coined to refer to a ‘philosophy of life’ that blends sports with education and culture. It strives for the educational value of being a good role model and the respect of universal ethics including: friendship, generosity, non-discrimination and respect for others. Consequently, the International Olympic Committee encourages that every series of Olympic Games be superior to the previous one. Impact of the Olympic Games on Host City The staging of a ‘mega-sports event’ such as the Olympic Games are seen as a major opportunity for the transformation of countries like China in 2008. The hosting of this event not only attracted a large amount of tourism, but it gave citizens the opportunity to travel to the host country and to promote unity and glorify the nation that they had come to retreat in. This enhanced the nation’s world status and built its reputation on a global stage. These media events can be identified by its tourism incentive, and its impacts on the host city. The effects can be either positive or negative. Ultimately, it tends to publically lead the host city towards a positive image even though it does not result in immediate economic benefits. Many theoreticians have argued that the staging of these events only result in negative impacts such as overcrowding increased taxes and a disruption in road works due to Olympic related building (Cashman, 2002:7). However, Cashman (2002) argues that the staging of the Olympic Games is in fact a matter of continuing â€Å"debate and controversy†. In the 2012 London Games there were a number of controversies that surrounded the Games, regarding as to whether issues of ‘cultural elements’ played a role in forming the 2012 iconography. Figure 1: London 2012 Olympics Emblem Figure 1 is a display of the emblem that was used to promote the London 2012 Olympic Games. The image was based on the year 2012 and designed in an aim to appeal to today’s ‘cyber-culture generation’. The debate that surrounded this emblem had received a lot of criticism. Some critics saw it as it resembling many things, from a jagged representation of the Nazi symbol to a sexual act performed by an animated sitcom character. When an official of the IOC committee was confronted, he had this to say: â€Å"The London 2012 logo represents the figure 2012, nothing else† (Borger, 2011). London as a host city London has hosted the games on two previous occasions, first in 1908 and then again forty years later in 1948. The games were also scheduled to be held in London in 1944 but were cancelled as a reaction of World War 2. The 2012 London Summer Olympics made it the third time that London had held the games. This signifies London as a world-leading and financially developed nation and that is seen as the power capital of the world. 2012 London Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony The opening ceremonies of major media events are amongst the most watched television events on the planet (The Vigilant Citizen, 2012). They are seen as an exceptional opportunity for the host country to restructure itself to the world. Traditionally, it celebrates the culture and history of the host nation. However, the 2012 LSOOC endured itself as a ritual display that celebrated the goals and symbolism of London as world elite capital. The opening ceremony of the 2012 London Summer Olympics was held on the 27 July 2012. It was entitled ‘Isle of Wonder’. The ceremony was designed by director of Slumdog Millionaire (2008), Danny Boyle. The ceremony focused on the history of Britain and the actors that influenced it. The ceremony commenced with an ancient land in England, and followed through the Industrial Revolution. The ceremony was told with the use of symbolic references that reminiscent the ‘occult’ history of Great Britain (The Olympics, 2012). The ceremony commenced with a green peasant land that was inspired by Shakespeare’s The Tempest (1610), which was also set on a dreamlike isle. It represented the rural ideal that gave way to the Industrial Revolution. This signified the nation’s importance of England’s Glastonbury Tor to the rest of the world. The height of the green land introduced an important change in England. The strive for the Industrial Revolution was heavily influenced by secret societies such as the Illuminati, this was represented by a display of men in top hats coordinating the transformation from a peasant land to an economic social system positioned in the 18th century. The rest of the opening ceremony emphasised on other national features such as the National Health System that glorifies Britain as a nation devoted to its people. The ceremony then concluded with the lighting of the Olympic Cauldron, which was composed of petals that represented each participating nation (The Olympics, 2012). In opposition to the 2012 LSOOC being the greatest show ever seen, Woods (2012) argues that London neglected the opportunity to showcase the negative aspects of Britain’s controversial history. The opening ceremony abandoned the chapter between the Industrial Revolution and World War 1 (1914), when Britain perpetually transformed global history. It could be said that the country is suffering from ‘collective amnesia’ as to whether this imperial past should be glorified or precluded. The ceremony was seen as a pled for a reconstruction of the ‘hermetic image’ of Britain. This patriarchal vision portrayed in the opening ceremony signified London as an impenetrable nation. Contradictory, without Britain’s colonial past the contemporary realm would be undefined to all. Therefore Britain remains an important sector of the world. The 2012 LSOOC confirmed that there is a manner to celebrate a controversial country’s history, without acknowledging its â€Å"imperial nostalgia†. Coverage of the Olympic Games Media Events has the ability to monopolise airwaves and interrupt ordinary broadcasting schedules. It demands the exclusive control over television rights as a strategy to maximise audience viewership and advertising revenue. In 1960, South Africa was banned from competing in the Olympic Games as a result of the apartheid era, the nation the returned to the Olympic scene in 1992. With the nation competing, mass audiences were immediately attracted and resulted in the monopolisation of South African television channels. The International Olympic Committee is committed to providing television coverage of the event to a worldwide audience. The 2012 London Olympic Games were broadcasted by a number of both local and international broadcasters. In South Africa, The South African Broadcasting Corporation (hereafter SABC) was granted as the official broadcaster of the 2012 London Olympic Games. The broadcasting organisation delivered the coverage of the Olympic Games across three television channels in all of the country’s’ official languages. SABC 2 was the home of the Olympic Games, while additional content was broadcasted on other channels. During the two weeks of the Olympic Games in London, viewers switched to social media to share their thoughts and experiences of the sporting spectacular. The rise of digital journalism in South Africa allowed for viewers to generate feedback n social media platforms. The display of the 2012 London Olympic Games opening ceremony left viewers in an awe as to how Rio would top the ceremony in 2016. Media mogul Rupert Murdoch (2012) said that the opening ceremony was a great success, even though it was overly â€Å"politically correct†. Conclusion The Audience that viewed the Games might remember the exceptional moments of their national team winning a contest. The key moment for South African audiences viewing the Games was accelerated when the first gold medal was won by South Africa’s Chad le Close for the men’s 200m butterfly final. This, considering that in pre-apartheid South Africa, segregation held a persuasive presence and excluded South Africa from participating in televised events, was seen as a major highlight and tribute to their country for South African fans watching the event. However, viewers are more likely to remember the spectacle version of the opening ceremony that the accumulation of gold medals. The overall impression of a host country is ‘unlikely’ to change due to a well-conducted opening ceremony. London camouflaged its controversial history about the acceleration of World War 1 and unveiled its national features that Britain has to be proud of. Words:  ±2300 References Borger, J. 2011. Iran claims London 2012 Olympics Logo spells the word ‘Zion’. In Guardian. 28 February. Available: http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2011/feb/28/iran-london-olympics-logo-zion [2012, September 04]. Cashman, R. 2002. Impact of the Games on Olympic host cities. Barcelona: Centre d’Estudis Olimpics (UAB). Available: http://olympicstudies. uab. es/lectures/web/pdf/cashman. pdf [2012, September 12] Chateau de Vidy. 2011. Olympic Charter. International Olympic Committee. Switzerland: Lausanne. Available: http://www. olympic. org/Documents/olympic_charter_en. pdf [2010, August 20] Dayan, D and Katz, E. 1992. Defining Media Events: High Holidays of Mass Communication. In Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge (Massachuestts) and London: Harvard University Press. pp1 24 Dayan, D and Katz, E. 1992. Scripting Media Events: Contest, Conquest and Coronation. In Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Press. pp25 – 53 Debate. org. 2012. Available: http://www. debate. org/opinions/as-a-result-of-the-olympics-is-china-perceived-as-a-more-compassionate-country[2012, September 17] Evans, M. 2010. Mandela and the televised birth of the rainbow nation. In National Identities. Routledge. 12(3): 309 – 306. Available: http://www. tandfonline. com. ezproxy. uct. ac. za/doi/pdf/10. 1080/14608944. 2010. 00327 [2012, September 05] Glenn, I. (forthcoming) Sport and Television. University of Cape Town. South Africa: Cape Town Murdoch, R. 2012. [Twitter update, 28 July] Available: http://twitter. com/rupertmurdoch [2012, September 15] The Olympics. 2012. Opening Ceremony – London 2012 Olympic Games. Available: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=H2VPSjHnc2E [2012, August 28] The Vigilant Citizen. 2012. The Occult Symbolism of the 2012 Olympics Opening and Closing Ceremonies. In The Vigilant Citizen 17 August. Available: http://vigilantcitizen. com/vigilantreport/the-occult-symbolism-of-the-2012-ol mpics-opening-and-closing-ceremonies/ Waters, W. 2007. Hosting the Olympics and Economic Development –Reality Check. All about cities. 13 July. Available: http://allaboutcities. ca/hosting-the-olympics-and-economic-development-reality-check/ Whannel, G. 2009. Television and the Transformation of Sport. In The End of Television? Its Impact on The World (So Far). E. Katz and P. Scannell. Sage Publications Woods, E. 2012. What the Olympics didn’t say about Britain’s place in the world. [Blog, 31 August]. Available: http://blogs. lse. ac. uk/europpblog/2012/08/31/olympics-britain/ [2012, September 15]

Living The Legacy The Womens Rights Movement 1848-1998 Essays

Living the Legacy: The Women's Rights Movement 1848-1998 Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Living the Legacy: The Women's Rights Movement 1848-1998 "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it's the only thing that ever has." That was Margaret Mead's conclusion after a lifetime of observing very diverse cultures around the world. Her insight has been borne out time and again throughout the development of this country of ours. Being allowed to live life in an atmosphere of religious freedom, having a voice in the government you support with your taxes, living free of lifelong enslavement by another person. These beliefs about how life should and must be lived were once considered outlandish by many. But these beliefs were fervently held by visionaries whose steadfast work brought about changed minds and attitudes. Now these beliefs are commonly shared across U.S. society. Another initially outlandish idea that has come to pass: United States citizenship for women. 1998 marks the 150th Anniversary of a movement by women to achieve full civil rights in this country. Over the past seven generations, dramatic social and legal changes have been accomplished that are now so accepted that they go unnoticed by people whose lives they have utterly changed. Many people who have lived through the recent decades of this process have come to accept blithely what has transpired. And younger people, for the most part, can hardly believe life was ever otherwise. They take the changes completely in stride, as how life has always been. The staggering changes for women that have come about over those seven generations in family life, in religion, in government, in employment, in education - these changes did not just happen spontaneously. Women themselves made these changes happen, very deliberately. Women have not been the passive recipients of miraculous changes in laws and human nature. Seven generations of women have come together to affect these changes in the most democratic ways: through meetings, petition drives, lobbying, public speaking, and nonviolent resistance. They have worked very deliberately to create a better world, and they have succeeded hugely. Throughout 1998, the 150th anniversary of the Women's Rights Movement is being celebrated across the nation with programs and events taking every form imaginable. Like many amazing stories, the history of the Women's Rights Movement began with a small group of people questioning why human lives were being unfairly constricted. A Tea Launches a Revolution The Women's Rights Movement marks July 13, 1848 as its beginning. On that sweltering summer day in upstate New York, a young housewife and mother, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was invited to tea with four women friends. When the course of their conversation turned to the situation of women, Stanton poured out her discontent with the limitations placed on her own situation under America's new democracy. Hadn't the American Revolution had been fought just 70 years earlier to win the patriots freedom from tyranny? But women had not gained freedom even though they'd taken equally tremendous risks through those dangerous years. Surely the new republic would benefit from having its women play more active roles throughout society. Stanton's friends agreed with her, passionately. This was definitely not the first small group of women to have such a conversation, but it was the first to plan and carry out a specific, large-scale program. Today we are living the legacy of this afternoon conversation among women friends. Throughout 1998, events celebrating the 150th Anniversary of the Women's Rights Movement are looking at the massive changes these women set in motion when they daringly agreed to convene the world's first Women's Rights Convention. Within two days of their afternoon tea together, this small group had picked a date for their convention, found a suitable location, and placed a small announcement in the Seneca County Courier. They called "A convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman." The gathering would take place at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls on July 19 and 20, 1848. In the history of western civilization, no similar public meeting had ever been called. A "Declaration of Sentiments" is Drafted These were patriotic women, sharing the ideal of improving the new republic. They saw their mission as helping the republic keep its promise of better, more egalitarian lives for its citizens. As the women set about preparing for the event, Elizabeth Cady Stanton used the Declaration of Independence as the framework for writing what she titled a "Declaration of Sentiments." In what proved to be a brilliant move, Stanton connected the nascent campaign for women's rights directly to

Photoelectric Effect Definition and Explanation

Photoelectric Effect Definition and Explanation The photoelectric effect occurs when matter emits electrons upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation, such as photons of light. Heres a closer look at what the photoelectric effect is and how it works. Overview of the Photoelectric Effect The photoelectric effect is studied in part because it can be an introduction to wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. When a surface is exposed to sufficiently energetic electromagnetic energy, light will be absorbed and electrons will be emitted. The threshold frequency is different for different materials. It is visible light for alkali metals, near-ultraviolet light for other metals, and extreme-ultraviolet radiation for nonmetals. The photoelectric effect occurs with photons having energies from a few electronvolts to over 1 MeV. At the high photon energies comparable to the electron rest energy of 511 keV, Compton scattering may occur pair production may take place at energies over 1.022 MeV. Einstein proposed that light consisted of quanta, which we call photons. He suggested that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency multiplied by a constant (Plancks constant) and that a photon with a frequency over a certain threshold would have sufficient energy to eject a single electron, producing the photoelectric effect. It turns out that light does not need to be quantized in order to explain the photoelectric effect, but some textbooks persist in saying that the photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light. Einsteins Equations for the Photoelectric Effect Einsteins interpretation of the photoelectric effect results in equations which are valid for visible and ultraviolet light: energy of photon energy needed to remove an electron kinetic energy of the emitted electron hÃŽ ½ W E whereh is Plancks constantÃŽ ½ is the frequency of the incident photonW is the work function, which is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the surface of a given metal: hÃŽ ½0E is the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons: 1/2 mv2ÃŽ ½0 is the threshold frequency for the photoelectric effectm is the rest mass of the ejected electronv is the speed of the ejected electron No electron will be emitted if the incident photons energy is less than the work function. Applying Einsteins special theory of relativity, the relationship between energy (E) and momentum (p) of a particle is E [(pc)2 (mc2)2](1/2) where m is the rest mass of the particle and c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. Key Features of the Photoelectric Effect The rate at which photoelectrons are ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light, for a given frequency of incident radiation and metal.The time between the incidence and emission of a photoelectron is very small, less than 10–9 second.For a given metal, there is a minimum frequency of incident radiation below which the photoelectric effect will not occur so no photoelectrons can be emitted (threshold frequency).Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron depends on the frequency of the incident radiation but is independent of its intensity.If the incident light is linearly polarized then the directional distribution of emitted electrons will peak in the direction of polarization (the direction of the electric field). Comparing the Photoelectric Effect With Other Interactions When light and matter interact, several processes are possible, depending on the energy of incident radiation. The photoelectric effect results from low energy light. Mid-energy can produce Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. High energy light can cause pair production.

The Relationship between Impulse Buying and Sensation Seeking Essay

The Relationship between Impulse Buying and Sensation Seeking - Essay Example The results revealed that the data from the Impulse Buying variable was normally distributed unlike that for the Sensation Seeking variable. The results furtherv showed that there was a weak positive correlation between sensation seeking and impulse buying, rs= .762, n = 30, p = > .05. The results hence failed to support the hypothesis. Sensation seeking is the â€Å"need for varied, novel, complex sensations and experiences, and the willingness to take physical and social risks for the sake of such experiences† (Zuckermann, 1979, p265). Sensation seekers are risk takers. Their main aim is to get and enjoy the gratification that comes immediately after a certain activity. Impulse buying is purchasing items without having planned to buy them (Rook, 1987). Impulse buying behaviour is closely related to sensation seeking. The need for unique experiences as well as the willingness to take risks so as to fulfil these experiences is some of the reasons for impulse buying (Youn and F aber, 2000 and Verplanken and Herabadi, 2001). This topic which focuses on impulse buying and sensation seeking behaviours has been chosen due to the similarities in the two behaviours. Sensation seeking normally leads to impulse buying, a behaviour that is widely characterised by sensation seeking tendencies (Reynolds, Ortengren Richards, 2006). Sensation seeking has been described as the pursuit of the novel and/or intense and complex sensations. According to Rook (1987), there are many things that sensation seekers do that are not risky. There are those sensation seekers whose main aim is to experience the thrill ad adventure that comes with participating in a certain high-risk activity (Arnett, 1994). There are other people who prepare budgets, but they nevertheless end up buying thing that they had not planned to buy. Then is also a category of people who just buy anything they think will delight them (Zuckerman, 2007). They do not have to make any kind of budget because they d o not mind buying out of the blues. In many cases of impulse buying, an individual normally experiences a persistently powerful urge to purchase the product immediately without putting much thought into the consequences of buying the product (Rook, 1987). Some researchers have found that people who have high sensation seeking tendencies are likely to have high risk tendencies in their financial lives. Impulse buying is a relatively high risk tendency (Horvath and Zuckerman, 1993). According to Reynolds, Ortengren and Richards (2006), individuals who show signs of maladaptive shopping behaviours are more likely to suffer from distress and financial constraints. Most of these individuals are women. Such people are likely to experience some form of anxiety or relief before they make their purchases. This shows that there could be some relation between impulse buying and sensation seeking. For instance, when individuals feel anxiety and the need to cool down the anxious attacks, then th is could said to be sensation seeking. Impulse buyers live for excitement (Zuckerman and Neeb, 1979). Impulse buying is a rather exciting undertaking that sensation seekers normally find to be satisfactory. They think only of the immediate gratification, not of what may come after. An impulsive sensation seeker normally lacks the ability to process information cognitively when the need arises (Zuckerman, 2007). The need to satisfy a certain sensation is more important to

The effect of minimum wage laws on income inequality Essay

The effect of minimum wage laws on income inequality - Essay Example Income inequality is one of the major problems faced by the society through out the world. It may vary in its extent from one country to another country, but is omnipresent in its existence. Several steps are required to reduce the income differences among different sections of the society. Even though effort have been made at government and non government levels, still lot of inequality in income is clearly visible which is to be managed effectively for better prosperity of mankind (Levy and Murnane, 1992). The effect of uneven distribution of income will certainly influence the income inequalities among different sections of the society. Minimum wages laws will significantly reduce these anomalies and reduce the income inequalities (David M Cutler and Lawrence F Katz,1992). However several researchers found that minimum wage laws may result in higher income inequalities (Cotterman, 1981 and Kaun, 1965). Literature has been collected from different sources relating to the origin of the minimum wages laws and their consequences in different countries. Similarly the information relating to the economic or income inequalities was also reviewed. Consequences of income inequalities and the necessity of minimum wages laws and international scenario of minimum wages were also studied and analyzed thoroughly. The positive and negative effects of minimum wages laws on income inequalities were discussed in detail. Wages are what a worker gets from money or solid appreciation of their work. This differs according to education and constitution the worker belongs to and works in. It is negotiable and thus the worker could offer more for his working time the more the appreciated he is and the effect of such behavior is the giving efficiently into the work done. If improperly done, the law has the right on the side of the customer and employer to cut

What are the limits and possibilities of critique in the context of Essay

What are the limits and possibilities of critique in the context of postmodern thought and culture - Essay Example Human culture and its eventual adoption the postmodernism in rejection of the modernism is highly recognizable in variant extents of life. Critiquing of the respective visual arts facilitates the improvement of the cultures and expounding of differing section of their application2. On the other hand, postmodernism entails the social inclined art aimed at capturing of the aesthetic, morally upright nurturing and advancement of the society as an envisaged section of the historical long civilization3. Post modernism is recurrently invoked when the artists sculpture their expertise through practicing of relevant options in their respective fields. Post modernism offers outstanding approach in enabling of criticism of art, thus questions the conspicuous values and comprehensible institutions for modernity4. The start of postmodern activities dates back to before 1960’s as active politicization intensified the liberalization and freedom process of other various sectors due to the fe lt inability of the modernism to capture and solve the existent humanitarian problems. From then onwards the main inherent components of modernism had been rationality, individualism, objectivity, truth; and were hence replaced by postmodernism features of the western contemporary and global society. From the video, ‘Is Bad art for bad people?’ the looks by Jake Chapman on astonishing and perturbing images of the alleged epitome of the postmodern traits is very much disturbing5. An audience notes that, post modernism conveys on a lot of contents of modernism thus rejecting the spirituality and the base backings of the benefits of arts. The documentary has no deeply placed meaning but extends on beyond the modern art by amplifying its ability to avail insight6. The documentary exhibits how the post modernism thought attempts to snub the apparent autonomy from the arts. From the documentary, the documentary featuring Terry Richardson, he feels that while other dislikes hi s works, he admires them a lot. He proceed on saying that, â€Å"good†¦ you are obviously effecting them†¦I want people to walk away and think about them... for them to be haunted.† Postmodern thought relates to postmodernism which refers to a an interlinked frame of ideas that assumed a recognition as a structured academic discipline in 1980s. The definition of the postmodernism is quite an obstacle due to variant avenues it receives its application in the society. This includes the art, music, literature, fashions, communications, sociology and technology7. Effectively, the intrinsic path of assuming triumphant path in attempts to acquire the approved meaning for the post modern thought is through acknowledging that post modernism is a model of motion or change towards modernism an hence it’s the essential center from which postmodernism assumes its initialization. The initial facet of this model of thinking is aesthetic motion vastly labeled as modernism. The boundaries of critiquing the post modernism highly underlies on the assumptions of the scientific objectives, the endeavors in explanation of the contemporary realities8. As for arts, the reality is in mankind is not mirrored from the general comprehension of it;

Four Stroke Four Cylinder Petrol Engine

Four Stroke Four Cylinder Petrol Engine ABSTRACT Since last 150 years different type of engine used in different vehicles so one should know how the engine works and different parameters related to it. This project contains preparation of experimental setup to determine the various performance parameter of four stroke four cylinder petrol engine in first stage of project. In this stage of project, the Morse test setup with Rope brake dynamometer will be prepared for the measurement of engine performance parameters such as Break power, Indicated power, Friction power, Mass flow rate, Brake thermal efficiency, etc. In the second stage study of existing engine and scuderi split engine to be done and effort will be done to develop scuderi split engine. Since last 150 years no modification has been done for basic engine design. This scuderi split engine completely change the design structure of engine. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Project on EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF FOUR STROKE FOUR CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE DEVELOPEMENT OF SCUDERI SPLIT ENGINE consist of two stages. In first stage of the project, experimental setup for 4-cylinder petrol engine (Morse test) will be developed to determine the various engine performance parameters such as Break power, Indicated power, Friction power, Mass flow rate, Brake thermal efficiency, etc. The basic task in the design and development of engines is to reduce the cost of production and improve the efficiency and power output. In order to achieve the above task, the development engineer has to compare the engine developed with other engines in terms of its output and efficiency. Towards this end he has to test the engine and make measurements of relevant parameters that reflect the performance of the engine. For this the various test perform on engine are as follow: Willans line method Morse test Motoring test From the measurement of indicated and brake power Retardation test From this set-up of Morse test is simple and comparatively easy to conduct. Here, Rope brake dynamometer is used to measure power output. In second stage of project, the study of the scuderi split engine will be done comparison of it with conventional engine (4-S 4 Cylinder Petrol engine of Fiat Make). In conventional 4 Stroke engine, four strokes such as intake, compression, power exhaust performed in the single cylinder. While in scuderi split engine above Strokes performed in two cylinder which are connected using cross-over passage, in which pressure remains constant, in which two stroke intake compression take place in First cylinder, remaining stroke power exhaust take place in Second cylinder. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 Introduction: The internal combustion engine is an engine in which combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. This exothermic reaction creates gases at high temperature and pressure which are permitted to expand. The defining feature of an internal combustion engine is that useful work is performed by the expanding hot gases acting directly to cause movement of solid parts of the engine, by acting on pistons, rotors, or even by pressing on and moving the entire engine itself. The first internal combustion engines did not have compression, but run on air/fuel mixture sucked or blown in during the first part of the intake stroke. The most significant difference between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs was the use of compression and in particular of in-cylinder compression. 1876: Nikolaus Otto working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had developed a practical four-stroke cycle (Otto cycle) engine. 2.2. Application of I.C. engine:- Internal combustion engines are most commonly used for mobile propulsion in automobiles, equipment, and other portable machinery. In mobile equipment internal combustion is advantageous, since it can provide high power to weight ratios together with excellent fuel energy-density. These engines have appeared in transport in almost all automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, boats, and in a wide variety of aircraft and locomotives, generally using petroleum (called All-Petroleum Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles or APICEVs) . Where very high power is required, such as jet aircraft, helicopters and large ships, they appear mostly in the form of turbines. 2.3. Classification of I.C. Engine:- The internal combustion engine may be classified in many ways, but following are the subject point of view: 1) According to the type of fuel used (a)Petrol engine (b)Diesel engine (c)Gas engine 2) According to the method of igniting the fuel (a)Spark ignition engine (b)Compression ignition engine (c)Hot spot ignition engine 3) According to the number of stroke per cycle (a)Four stroke cycle engine (b)Two stroke cycle engine 4) According to the cycle of operation (a)Otto cycle (b)Diesel cycle (c)Dual cycle 5) According to the speed of the engine (a)Slow speed engine (b)Medium speed engine (c)High speed engine 6) According to the cooling system (a)Air cooled engine (b)Water cooled engine (c)Evaporative cooling engines 7) According to method of fuel injection (a)Carburettor engine (b)Air injection engines (c)Airless or solid injection engines 8) According to number of cylinder (a)Single cylinder engines (b)Multi cylinder engines 9) According to arrangement of cylinder (a)Vertical cylinder engines (b)Horizontal cylinder engines (c)Radial engines (d)In-line multi cylinder engines (e)V-type multi-cylinder engines (f)Opposite-cylinder engines (g)Apposite piston engines 10) According to the valve mechanism (a)Overhead valve engines (b)Side valve engines 11) According to the method of governing (a)Hit and miss governed engines (b)Quantitatively governed engines (c)Qualitatively governed engines 2.4 Basic Engine Parts:- 2.4.1 Cylinder block:- The cylinder block is the main supporting structure for the various components. The cylinders of multi-cylinder engine are cast as single unit, called cylinder block. The cylinder head mounted on the cylinder block .The cylinder head and cylinder block are provided with water jacket for cooling. 2.4.2 Cylinder:- As the name implies it is a cylindrical vessel or space in which the piston makes a reciprocating motion. The varying volume created in the cylinder during the operation of the engine is filled with the working fluid and subjected to different thermodynamics processes such as suction, compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust .The cylinder is supported in cylinder block. 2.4.3 Combustion chamber:- The space enclosed in the upper part of the cylinder, by the cylinder head and the piston top during the combustion process, is called the combustion chamber. 2.4.4. Piston: Piston is the heart of the engine. The functions of the piston are to compress the charge during the compression stroke and to transmit the gas force to the connecting rod and then to the crank during power stroke. The piston is a disc which reciprocates within cylinder. It is either moved by the fluid or it moves the fluid which enters the cylinder. The main function of the piston of an internal combustion engine is to receive the impulse from the expanding gas and to transmit the energy to the crankshaft through the connecting rod. The piston of internal combustion engines are usually of trunk type. This type of piston consists of different parts such as Head or Crown, Piston rings, Skirt, Piston pin etc. 2.4.5. Piston Ring: Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. The rings serve two purposes: 1. They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from leaking into the sump during compression and combustion. 2. They keep oil in the sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned and lost. A piston ring is an open-ended ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter of a piston in an internal combustion engine. The gap in the piston ring compresses to a few thousandths of an inch when inside the cylinder bore. 2.4.6 Inlet manifold:- The pipe which connects the intake system to the inlet valve of the engine and through which air or air-fuel mixture is drawn in to the cylinder is called inlet manifold. 2.4.7 Exhaust manifold:- The pipe which connects the exhaust system to the exhaust valve of the engine and through which the product of combustion escape in to the atmosphere is called the exhaust manifold. 2.4.8 Inlet and exhaust valve:- Valves are commonly mushroom shaped poppet type. They are provided either on the cylinder head or on the side of the cylinder for regulating the charge coming in to the cylinder (inlet valve) and for discharging the products of combustion from the cylinder (exhaust valve). 2.4.9. Connecting Rod: The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates. The small end attaches to the piston pin, gudgeon pin (the usual British term) or wrist pin, which is currently most often press fit into the con rod but can swivel in the piston, a floating wrist pin design. The big end connects to the bearing journal on the crank throw, running on replaceable bearing shells accessible via the con rod bolts which hold the bearing cap onto the big end; typically there is a pinhole bored through the bearing and the big end of the con rod so that pressurized lubricating motor oil squirts out onto the thrust side of the cylinder wall to lubricate the travel of the pistons and piston rings. 2.4.10. Spark Plug: The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can occur. The spark must happen at just the right moment for things to work properly. 2.4.11. Crank shaft: The crankshaft turns the pistons up and down motion into circular motion just like a crank on a jack-in-the-box does. The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation. It typically connects to a flywheel, to reduce the pulsation characteristic of the four-stroke cycle, and sometimes a torsional or vibrational damper at the opposite end, to reduce the torsion vibrations often caused along the length of the crankshaft by the cylinders farthest from the output end acting on the torsional elasticity of the metal. 2.4.12. Cam shaft:- The camshaft and its associated parts control the opening and closing of the two valves. The associated parts are push rods, rocker arms, valve springs and tappets. This shaft also provides the drive to the ignition system. 2.4.13. Gudgeon pin: It forms the link between the small end of the connecting rod and the piston. 2.4.14. Cam:- These are made as integral parts of the camshaft and are designed in such way to open the valves at the correct timing and to keep them open for necessary duration. 2.4.15. Fly wheel: The net torque imparted to crankshaft during one complete cycle of operation of the engine fluctuates causing a change in the angular velocity of the shaft. In order to achieve a uniform torque an inertia mass in the form of a wheel attached to the output shaft and this wheel is called the flywheel. 2.4.16. Sump:- The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil, which collects in the bottom of the sump (the oil pan). 2.5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIAL USE FOR ENGINE PARTS:- 2.5.1. Cylinder liner: The cylinder liners are made in two types: wet liner dry liner. In case of wet liner, water in jacket is in direct contact with the outer wall of the liner; where as the dry liner is pressed into the cylinder proper. In engines over about 13cm bore; usually the wet type of liner is used. Liner materials: The liner material should be strong hard corrosion resistance. The following materials are used. 1. A good grade grey cast iron with homogenous and close grained structure i.e. prelatic and similar cast iron. 2. Nickel cast iron and nickel chromium cast iron 3. Nickel chromium cast steel with molybdenum in some case. 2.5.2. Material of cylinder head:- The cylinder head are usually made of close grained cast iron or alloy cast iron containing nickel, chromium and molybdenum, for small sized engine, while for large engine, the material is low Cast-steel. 2.5.3. Material used for piston piston ring:- Commonly used materials for piston of I.C. engine are cast iron, cast aluminum, cast steel forged steel. Generally cast steel is used for piston head. The material for the piston ring is cast iron alloy cast iron due to their good wearing qualities also they retain the spring characteristics even at high temperature. The material used for piston ring is nitrogen hardened or case hardened steel alloy containing nickel, chromium, molybdenum or vanadium. 2.5.4. Material used for connecting road:- The connecting rods of I.C.engine are mostly manufactured by drop forging. The material for connecting rod ranges from mild or medium carbon steel to alloy steels. In industrial engine, carbon steel with ultimate tensile strength ranging from 550-670Mpa is used. 2.5.5. Material used for crankshaft: The cylinder head are usually made of close grained cast iron or alloy cast iron containing nickel, chromium and molybdenum, for small sized engine, while for large engine, the material is low C-steel. Heavy duty cast iron, cast steel, nickel chromium steel is mainly used for manufacturing of crank shaft. 2.5.6. Material used for valves: Inlet valve run cooler than exhaust valves. So, the material for the inlet valves may be carbon steel, nickel steel, chrome nickel steel chrome molybdenum alloy, which may be hardened to withstand the repeated high stresses. Material for exhaust valves must be able to maintain their strength at high temperature. Therefore the material used for it is standard chrome nickel steel, cobalt nickel steel, high speed steel stainless steels. 2.6 NOMENCLATURE:- 2.6.1 Cylinder bore (d): The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder is called the cylinder bore. It is expressed in millimeter (mm). 2.6.2 Piston area: The area of the circle of diameter equal to the cylinder bore is called the piston area. It is expressed by square centimeter (cm ²). 2.6.3 Stroke (L): The nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two successive reversals of its direction of motion is called the stroke is expressed in millimeter (mm). 2.6.4 Stroke to bore ratio: L/d ratio is an important parameter in classifying the size of the engine. If d If d=L, it is called square engine. If d>L, it is called over -square engine. An over square engine can operate at higher speeds because of large bore shorter stroke. 2.6.5 Dead center: The position of the working piston the moving parts which are mechanically connected to it, at the moment when the direction of the piston motion is reversed at either end of the stroke is called the dead center. There are two dead centers in the engine: Top dead center (TDC): It is the dead centers when the piston is farthest from the crankshaft. It is designated TDC for vertical engines inner dead center (IDC) for horizontal engines. Bottom dead center (BTC): It is the dead center when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. It is designated as BDC for the vertical engines outer dead center (ODC) for horizontal engines. 2.6.6 Displacement or Swept volume: The nominal volume swept by the working piston when traveling from one dead center to other is called the displacement volume. It is expressed in terms of cubic centimeter (cc) given by VS = à Ã¢â€š ¬d ²L/4 2.6.7 Cubic Capacity of Engine Capacity: The displacement volume of a cylinder multiplied by number of cylinders in an engine capacity. For example, if there are K cylinders in an engine, then Cubic capacity = Vs x K 2.6.8 Clearance Volume (Vc): The nominal volume of the combustion chamber above the piston when it is at the top dead centre is the clearance volume. It is designated as Vc and expressed in cubic centimeter (cc). 2.6.9 Compression Ratio (r): it is the ratio of the total cylinder volume when the piston is at the bottom dead centre, Vt, to the clearance volume, Vc. It is designed by the letter r. r = Vt/Vc = (Vc + Vs)/Vc = 1 + Vs/Vc CHAPTER 3 WORKING OF AN I.C. ENGINE I.C. engine is a device which develops the work continuously taking the working fluid through cyclic process. The combination of piston and cylinder is suitable device for developing the work. In an arrangement of piston and cylinder of an ideal engine, following for process constitute the cycle: The air is compressed in the engine. Heat is added to the compressed air by external source. High pressure and high temperature air expands performing the work. The air after expansion returns to the original condition by rejecting heat to external sink. 3.1 The working principle of four-stroke spark ignition engine:- If an engine is to work successfully then it has to follow a cycle of operation in sequential manner. The sequence is quite rigid and can not be changed. In the following sections the working principle of both SI and CI engines is described. Even though both engines have much in common there are certain fundamental differences. The cycle of operation for an ideal four-stroke SI engine consist of the following four-stroke:- 1. Intake or suction stroke 2. Compression stroke 3. Power or expansion stroke 4. Exhaust stroke Intake or suction stroke :- Suction stroke starts when the piston is at the top dead centre and about to move downwards. The inlet valve is open at this time and exhaust valve is closed. Due to the suction created by the motion of the piston towards the bottom dead centre, the charge consisting of fuel-air mixture is drawn in to the cylinder. When the piston reaches the bottom dead centre the suction stroke ends and the inlet valve closes. compression stroke :- The charge taken in to the cylinder during the suction stroke is compressed by the return stroke of the piston. During this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are in closed position. The mixture which fills the entire cylinder volume is now compressed in to the clearance volume. At the end of the compression stoke the mixture is ignited with the help of a spark plug located on the cylinder head. During the burning process the chemical energy of the fuel is converted in to heat energy producing temperature rise of about 2000 °C.The pressure at the end of the combustion process is considerably increased due to the heat release from the fuel. Expansion or power stroke :- The high pressure of the burnt gases forces the piston towards BDC. Both, the valves are in closed position .Of the four stroke only during this stroke power is produced. Both pressure and temperature decrease during expansion. Exhaust stroke :- At the end of the expansion stroke exhaust valve opens and inlet valve remains closed. The pressure falls to atmospheric level a part of the burnt gases escape. The piston starts moving from the bottom dead centre to top dead centre and sweeps the burnt gases out from the cylinder almost at atmospheric pressure. The exhaust valve closes when the piston reaches TDC .At the end of the exhaust stroke and some residual gases trapped in the clearance volume remain in the cylinder. CHAPTER 4 ACTUAL CYCLE FOR I.C.ENGINE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL CYCLE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE:- The working substance is not air but a mixture of fuel and air during suction and compression and many gases during expansion and exhaust. Combustion of fuel not only adds the heat but changes the chemical composition also. The specific heat of gases changes with respect to temp. The residual gases change the composition, temp. and amount of fresh charge. The constant volume combustion is not possible. Compression and expansion are not isentropic. There is always some heat loss-due to heat transfer from the hot gases to cylinder walls. There is exhaust blow down loss due to early opening of exhaust valve. 4.2 VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR 4-STROKE PETROL ENGINE:- (1) Inlet valve:- The intake valve should open, theoretically, at TDC; almost all SI engines an intake valve opening of a few degrees before TDC on the exhaust stroke. This is to ensure that the valve will be fully open and the fresh charge starts to flow into cylinder as soon as the piston reaches TDC. In figure ( ), the intake valve starts to open 10 o before TDC. As the piston descends on the intake stroke, the fresh charge is drawn in through the intake port and valve. It may be noted from figure ( ), that for a low speed engine, the intake valve closes 10o after BDC, and for a high speed engine, 60o after BDC. If the inlet valve is allowed to close at BDC, the cylinder would receive less charge than its capacity and the pressure of the charge at the end of the suction stroke will be below atmosphere. When the piston reaches BDC and start to ascend on the compression stroke, the inertia of the fresh charge tends to cause it to continue to move into the cylinder. At low engine speeds, the charge is moving into the cylinder relatively slowly, and its inertia is relatively low. If the intake valve were to remain open much beyond BDC, the up moving piston on the compression would tends to force some of the charge, already in the cylinder back into the intake manifold, with consequent reduction in volumetric efficiency. Hence, the intake valve is closed relatively early after BDC for a slow speed engine. For High Speed Engine, Inlet Valve closing is delayed after BDC to take above advantage. (2) Exhaust valve:- The exhaust valve usually opens before the piston reaches BDC on the expansion stroke. This reduces the work done by the expanding gases during power stroke, but decreases the work necessary to expel the burned products during exhaust stroke, and the result in an overall gain in output. During the exhaust stroke, the piston forces the burned gases out at high velocity. If the closing of the exhaust valve is delayed beyond TDC, the inertia of the exhaust gases tends to scavenge the cylinder better by carrying out greater mass of the gas left in the clearance volume, and result in increased volumetric efficiency. Consequently, the exhaust valve is often set to close a few degrees after TDC on the exhaust stroke, as indicated in figure ( ), it should be noted that it is quit possible for both the intake and exhaust valves to remain open, or partially open, at the same time. This is termed the valve overlap. (3) Ignition:- It would be proper to produce spark at the end of compression if the charge could burn instantaneously. How ever, there is always a time lag between the spark and ignition of the charge. The ignition starts some time after giving the spark, it is necessary to produce the spark before piston reaches the TDC to obtain proper combustion without losses. The angle through which the spark is given earlier is known as Ignition advance or Angle of advance 4.3 SOURCES OF LOSSES:- The difference between I.P. B.P. is known as total friction loss. This includes direct mechanical friction throttling losses through valves, pumping loss, blow down losses many others. 4.3.1. Direct frictional losses:- It includes bearing losses, as main bearing, camshaft bearing, and piston cylinder friction loss in many moving parts. The frictional losses are comparatively higher in reciprocating I.C. Engine. 4.3.2. Pumping losses:- The difference of work done in expelling the exhaust gases and the work done by fresh charge during the suction stroke is called the pumping work. In other words loss due to the gas exchange process (Pumping Loss) is due to pumping gas from lower inlet pressure to higher exhaust pressure. The pumping loss increases at part throttle because throttling reduces the suction pressure. Pumping loss increases with speed. The gas exchange processes affect the volumetric efficiency of the engine. 4.3.3. Blow by losses:- This loss because of leakage of combustion products past the piston forms the cylinder into the crank case. This loss depends upon inlet pressure and compression ratio .This loss increase directly with compression ratio but reduced with an increase in the engine speed. 4.3.4. Valve throttling losses:- The standard practice for sizing the exhaust valve is to produce smaller exhaust area than inlet valve area. This increases the pumping loss as smaller area resists more for the flow of exhaust gasses. This increase in speed of the engine rapidly if the valve size, valve timing and valve flow coefficients are not designed properly as shown in fig. by dotted line . The inlet throttling occurs due to the restrictions imposed by air cleaner, carburettor, and venture, throttle valve, inlet manifold and inlet valve. All these add in pressure loss .Similarly some pressure loss occurs during exhausting the burned gases. 4.3.5. Combustion chamber pump losses:- This loss occurs with pre-combustion chamber. This loss occurs due to the pumping work required to push the air into pre-combustion chamber through small orifice. This depends upon orifice size, and speed. It also increases with increasing the engine speed. 4.3.6. Power loss to drive the auxiliaries:- Some power is required to drive the auxiliaries such as water pump, fuel pump, cooling fan generator. This is also considered as loss as part of engine power developed is used for these purposes. 4.3.7. Heat loss factor:- During the combustion process and expansion the heat flows through the cylinder head. Some heat enters the piston and flows through the piston rings into the cylinder wall or is carried away by the engine lubricating oil which splashes on the underside of the piston. The heat loss along with other losses is shown on p-v diagram (Figure ( )). Heat loss during combustion has maximum effect on cycle efficiency while heat loss just before the end of expansion stroke has very little effect because of the contribution of useful work is very little. The heat lost during the combustion doesnt represent the complete loss only about 15% of total heat is lost during combustion expansion. If all the heat loss is recovered only 20% of if may appear as useful work. The effect of loss of heat during combustion is to reduce the maximum temperature and therefore, the specific heats are lower. Heat loss factor contributes around 12% to all their losses 4.3.8. Time loss factor:- In a thermodynamic cycle heat addition is assumed to be instantaneous process where as in actual cycle it is over a definite period of time .the time required for combustion is such that under all circumstances some change in volume takes place while it is in progress. The consequence of finite time of combustion is that peak pressure will not occur when volume is minimum i.e. when the piston at TDC but it will occur sometime after TDC. 4.3.9. Exhaust blow down:- The cylinder pressure at the end of exhaust stroke is about 7 bar depending on the compressor ratio. If the exhaust valve is opened at bottom dead centre the piston has to do work against high cylinder pressure during the part of the exhaust stroke. If the exhaust valve is opened too early, a part of the expansion stroke is lost. The best compromise is to open the exhaust valve 40 to 700 before BDC. Thereby, reducing the cylinder pressure to halfway to atmospheric before the exhaust stroke begins. 4.3.10. Knocking in SI- Engine:- Knocking is due to the auto-ignition of the end portion of the unburned charge in the combustion chamber. As the normal flame front proceeds across the chamber, the pressure the temp of the unburned charge increase due to compression by the burned portion of the charge. This unburned compressed charge may auto ignite under certain temp. Conditions release the energy at a very rapid rate compared to normal combustion process in the cylinder. This rapid release of energy during auto-ignition causes a high pressure differential in the c.c. and a high pressure wave is released from auto-ignition region. The motion of high pressure compression waves inside the cylinder causes vibration of the engine parts and pinking noise and it is known as knocking or detonation. Effect of knocking:- Mechanical damage:- Knocking creates very high pressure wave (200bar) of large amplitude. This increases the rate of wear almost of all mechanical parts like piston, cylinder head, valves. The frequency of this wave is as large as 5000 CPS. (2) Noise:- When the intensity of knock is high, a loud pulsating noise is created because of high intensity pressure wave vibrates back and forth across the cylinder. This noise is like as bell noise. (3) Increase in heat transfer rate:- When the engine is knocking, more heat is lost to the coolant as the dissipating rate increases. The major reason of increases in heat transfer rate during knocking is, the boundary layer of the gas near the wall is removed because of high vibration of gas molecules. (4) Power output:- It is also observed that slightly rated spark develops more power under knocking condition. This may be due to rapid burning of the last part of the charge and retard spark may be optimum under knocking. (5) Pre ignition:- It defined as an ignition of the charge as it comes in contact with hot surface, in the absence of spark. Auto ignition may overheat the spark plug and exhaust valve and it remains so hot that its temp. is sufficient to ignite the charge in the next cycle during the compression stroke before the spark occurs an this causes the pre ignition of the charge. The temperature required for pre i

Ebola: Global Annihilation? :: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola HF)

â€Å"Doctors told to prepare for global outbreak after Ebola victim was allowed on two planes† - - www.mirror.co.uk Until the global outbreak of the Ebola virus in 2014, I heard of a real-life present-day killer virus. Of course, I learned about the Black Plague that occurred centuries ago killing millions of people. But in the modern day, no. It was horrifying. This paper will explore the origins, types, causes/effects, and what is being done to fight the spread of the Ebola virus – the Black Plague of 2014. It is believed that this virus has been in hiding since ancient times. The lack of knowledge about it’s natural history and reservoirs keeps researchers seeking out the mysterious virus that has no treatment or cure. Based on the available evidence and comparisons of similar viruses, researchers believed the virus to be animal-borne and that the host animal is native to Africa. Their attempts have been unsuccessful, and the source of the virus or where it circulates in between outbreaks is unknown. There is but one other virus similar to the Ebola, which is a Filovirus, and that is Marburg. Ebola has a 90% death rate, whereas, Marburg is not as deadly. Their long and ropelike shape rather than roundness, as is most other viruses, characterize Filoviruses. Ebola is contracted very much like HIV: bodily fluids such as blood, vomit, sharing needles, and sexual contact. The only difference is that Ebola can be transmitted from the close contact of an infected person, which is the most common means of infection. This is possible because the Ebola virus has cells on the infected person’s skin. For example, should you touch someone with the virus and then an opening on your body, like your mouth, you can be infected. This is why and how so many health care workers and family members are contaminated before a diagnosis is made. Ebola has an incubation period of 2-21 days depending on how one acquired the virus: direct (needle) or less direct (close contact) contact. Direct contact is far deadlier than the latter. The virus’ name is taken from the Ebola River in Zaire (now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo), the site of the initial outbreak in 1976. The primary symptoms are flu-like: sore throat, muscle pain, headaches, and weakness. Then, as it advances, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and limited kidney and liver functions occur.

Charging Overweight Passengers by the Pound Essay

In the world today, obesity is becoming a serious problem that affects one’s life in different situations. One of these situations is flying in the airplane. David Landsel in his article â€Å"Some Airlines Make Obese Passengers Buy Two seats† pointed out that different airlines are taking some policies concerning this issue. However, united airlines are not taking any policies. Southwest and Midwest airlines claimed that overweight passengers should buy an extra seat. If the airplane is not full, and more seats are available, a refund will be returned to the passenger. American airlines put limitations on the services that the airline provides, but passenger is not forced to purchase an extra seat. Air France travelers that suffered from obesity will have the opportunity to buy the extra seat with a 25 percent discount. With these different deals about the fat passengers, there is surely a disagreement about accepting these policies or rejecting them. Obese passengers should buy two airline seats. This is because of several reasons that may be benefit for the obese passengers and the normal weight passengers. So this will help make everyone more comfortable. Some critics claim that obliging obese passengers to buy an extra seat is a ridiculous statement. They should not be penalized for something that they may not be able to deal with. They might have a disease that makes them that way. They argued that this is discrimination to obese people and should not be practiced. But this is not true. Discrimination against someone for something is based on an opinion without objective truth. In this case, it is completely obvious that the passenger is taking up more space than the accommodated seat space. So the argument of the opposing side fails to take into account. Other critics argued that airline tickets are sold per individual not per pound, and people should not be penalized because of their weight. This is a non convincing argument since airlines sell tickets by seat not per person. If someone takes up to two seats, he should have to buy two seats. That is how it is and should be. Obese people sitting in a single seat can become a serious issue. Passenger will seriously squeeze the passengers beside him, leading discomfort and cause a struggle to get out of the seat to the toilet. No one would accept an obese person sitting next to him squishing and taking more than his space for the whole entire flight. It is not fair to the people sitting next to fat travelers who are crushed and uncomfortable for the whole flight. Skinny people will be crowded out by overweight people. Second, airplane seats and seat belts are designed to hold an average weight of 170 pounds, so seat belts fail to restrain heavy passengers. This poses a safety risk for them on the aircraft. Another airline obesity issue is that obese passengers can affect the balance of the airplane by adding more weight. This excess weight requires more work for the plane to move a heavier object which makes the airplane sometimes in a dangerous position. One third argument that supports the statement that obese travelers should buy two airlines seats is that everyone is entitled to hundred percent of the seat for which he paid. Severely, obese people spill over to the next seat that is occupied by the person that purchased the ticket to that seat. Sometimes, fat passengers took up one third to one half of the other passenger seat space. So if any person takes up more than one seat space, he must purchase the additional space he requires. Urging passengers with high body mass to purchase an extra seat is a fair policy that needs to be done by the airlines in order to keep all their flights safe and comfortable for all the passengers. So, obese people must know that airlines are taking these policies to protect them. Delta’s Suzan Elliott states that the airline has no plans to implement any policy that discriminates against any of our passengers. This is how all the airlines think about this issue, but the difference is the way they practice these policies and deal with them with regard to the refund and the cost of the extra seat.

Introduction to Quality Assurance

One of the important aspects of any healthcare organization is the quality assurance mechanism.   Any healthcare organization would have to be professionally competent, ensuring that the processes in the organization would ultimately ensure the safety of the services provided.   The organization should develop an effective strategy of handling the quality issues. It is important that the administrators understand the importance of quality, develop a quality assurance program, implement it in a phased manner over a period of time, release resources needed for quality assurance, utilize appropriate quality tools, develop and maintain processes and develop an appropriate auditing system.   Some of the quality assurance tools utilized include management tools, presentation tools and statistical analysis tools.   Some of the process deployment tools include marketing tools, tools for changing behavior, etc (Software Certifications, 2006). As healthcare sector is a vital industry, it is very important that quality assurance is given prime importance by the organization.   One of the very important aspects is customer satisfaction and reducing risk.   Protection of patients is the most important aspect of quality assurance.   However, not less important is to ensure that cost-effectiveness and responsive attitude is maintained.   All these significantly contribute towards bringing about patient satisfaction (LRQA, 2003). Some of the measures that may be required for quality assurance include:- Having a quality assurance program in priority areas Responding to the needs of the public appropriately Identifying means by which costs can be reduced and implementing a strategy to save costs Developing best practices mechanisms Accreditation in order to improve quality standards Not only achieving certain quality standards but upgrading them frequently Having an effective decision-making and problem-solving process in the organization (Gonzalez, 2006). References: Gonzalez, M. (2006). â€Å"Health Care Sector Reform and Quality Assurance in Costa Rica.’ Retrieved on April 11, 2008, from QA Project Web site: http://www.qaproject.org/pubs/PDFs/costarica.pdf Lloyd’s Register Quality Assurance Limited (2003). â€Å"Quality in the healthcare sector.† Retrieved on April 11, 2008, from LRQA Review Web site: http://www.lrqa.fr/frsite/content/pdf/rev0603.pdf Software Certifications (2006). â€Å"2006 CSQA Body of Knowledge.† Retrieved on April 11, 2008, from Software Certifications Web site: http://www.softwarecertifications.org/csqabok/csqa6cbok4.htm

Neal and Jesse Eldridge essays

Neal and Jesse Eldridge essays Neal and Jesse Eldridge are two young men on trial. For over ten years, they suffered severe physical, emotional, and psychological abuse at the hands of their father. It ended the day they shot and killed him. Now Neal and Jesse are charged, as adults, with first degree murder; they face the possibility of life in prison. All this because Arkansas Department of Health Services, DHS, did nothing to step in and save these young lives. On January 24th, 1998, Rick Eldridge was supposed to take his sons, Neal and Jesse, to Buckarama, a deer hunting show at the Little Rock Expo Center. Before they left that morning, Rick caught the two teens smoking cigarettes. He told them they could not go to Buckarama(Neal Abuse Tragedy 1), then tried to suffocate them. Neal said his father picked him up and threw him head first into a wall (Haddigan 1). As he left, Rick told Neal and Jesse that when he returned he would beat them to death. He also gave them an impossible list of household chores to do before he returned, and said that he would kill them if they didnt. Fearing for their lives, the boys, ages 14 and 15 at the time, decided they had to protect their mother and sisters, as well as themselves, from the monster they called Dad. So the brothers loaded their .22-caliber, semi-automatic, Marlin rifles. Jesse stood behind the corner of the familys house, and Neal stood atop a shed next to the house. When Rick got out of his truck, the boys began to fire. Jesse shot once, but he lost his nerve and lowered his aim to his fathers legs(Neal 1). Neal shot four more times aiming for Ricks head and neck. They then retreated into the wooded area near the house and unloaded their rifles(Shull 1). ...

Did the lead character kill his wife in memento Essay

Did the lead character kill his wife in memento - Essay Example This is through snap shots, notes, memos as well as tattoos (Botz-Bornstein, 2011. P.19). All these had information that could help him trace his wife’s killers. The efforts are meant to blind people in believing at some attackers killed his wife. In addition, it is a way of escaping guilt and reality on his side (Sobczak, 1998. P. 61). The second point that supports my argument is the fact that Leonard relies on information from Natalie and Teddy who are in a mission to ensure that Leonard murders people for their selfish gain. This is evidenced by the plans of Teddy to have drug dealers as well as other people killed by Leonard (Basting, 2009, P. 72). Teddy wants all these people out of her way for his own reasons. It is surprising that Natalie arranges for teddy’s death because he was responsible for killing her boyfriend. This also was meant to be executed by Leonard (Botz-Bornstein, 2011, P. 31). According to Teddy and Natalie, they are controlling and directing Leonard. However, it is not in their knowledge that they are only managing the plans already set by Leonard. In a keen study of all these twisted events, it is certain that Leonard killed his wife. The third point that supports my argument is the fact that memory is both physical and psychological. It enables us to hold down things that we are trying to escape. Leonard narrates to us a story of Jankins which helps us distinguish between physical and psychological aspects of memory (Basting, 2009, P. 101). Leonard places himself in the physical category while he places Jankins in the psychological category. However, a closer look at this movie reveals that Leonard is in fact Jankins. The truth is that the final memory that Leonard has of his wife is that of injecting her with an overdose of insulin, hence, killing her. However, Leonard claims that the final memory of her wife is of the attack and rape by unknown people (Sobczak, 1998. P. 103). Finally, Leonard